Southern Annular Mode (SAM)
The SAM influences rainfall, wind belts and temperature patterns across southern Australia.
Climate Drivers
Oceanic, Solar & Atmospheric Influences
Explore the major climate systems and external influences that shape Australian and global weather patterns, from ENSO and SAM through to solar activity, auroras and volcanic forcing.
Oceanic Climate Drivers
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
The IOD affects moisture transport, seasonal rainfall and drought potential across Australia.
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)
The SOI tracks atmospheric pressure differences linked to ENSO variability and tropical circulation.
ENSO
El Niño and La Niña phases strongly influence rainfall, temperature and severe weather patterns.
Solar & Space Weather Drivers
Solar Activity
Monitoring sunspots, solar cycles, geomagnetic conditions and broader space weather influences.
Auroral Activity
Aurora forecasting, geomagnetic storm tracking and Kp index updates.
Atmospheric & Aerosol Influences
Volcanic Influences
Investigating volcanic aerosols, eruptions and their influence on atmospheric circulation and climate.
Human-Induced Climate Change
Analysis and discussion of anthropogenic climate forcing and broader environmental impacts.